In pregnancy, antiphospholipid syndrome is diagnosed by persistence of antiphospholipid antibodies with clinical pregnancy morbidity; management includes low-dose aspirin and heparin.

• A. Immunotherapy
• B. Persistence of antiphospholipid antibodies with pregnancy morbidity; management includes low-dose aspirin and heparin
• C. No treatment
• D. Vitamin therapy

Answer: (B)

In pregnancy, antiphospholipid syndrome is diagnosed when antiphospholipid antibodies are present on two occasions at least 12 weeks apart, together with a history of pregnancy morbidity caused by APS. The antibodies involved are lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin, or anti-β2 glycoprotein I. Pregnancy morbidity includes events such as one or more unexplained fetal deaths after 10 weeks, premature birth before 34 weeks due to placental insufficiency, or three or more consecutive miscarriages before 10 weeks.

Once APS is diagnosed in pregnancy, the standard management to improve outcomes is low-dose aspirin plus heparin (usually low-molecular-weight heparin). This combination helps prevent thrombosis and pregnancy loss. Immunotherapy or vitamin therapies are not standard treatments for APS in pregnancy, and doing nothing would not address the underlying risk.