Which of the following are factors affecting male fertility?

• A. Spermatogenesis, ejaculation problems, and health history.
• B. Ovulatory cycles, cervical mucus, and tubal patency.
• C. Uterus and endometrial issues.
• D. Hormonal contraception side effects only.

Answer: (A)

The main idea is that male fertility depends on three interconnected areas: production of healthy sperm, the ability to deliver them, and overall health factors that can influence reproductive function. Spermatogenesis is the process of making sperm in the testes; anything that reduces sperm count, motility, or morphology—such as hormonal imbalances, testicular heat exposure, infections, varicocele, or certain medications—can impair fertility. Ejaculation problems directly affect fertility because if semen cannot be delivered effectively (retrograde ejaculation, anejaculation, or other ejaculatory dysfunction), even normal production won’t result in fertilization. Health history matters because past illnesses, surgeries, chronic conditions, and lifestyle factors (smoking, excessive alcohol, obesity, certain drugs) can all impact sperm quality and reproductive hormones.

The other options focus on female fertility factors—ovulatory cycles, cervical mucus, and tubal patency—as well as uterine or endometrial issues, which influence fertilization and implantation but are not about male fertility. The statement about hormonal contraception side effects is too narrow and not a comprehensive account of what affects male fertility.