Which of the following is NOT a common etiology of female infertility?

• A. Anovulation
• B. Tubal disease
• C. Endometriosis
• D. Male factor

Answer: (D)

Infertility arising in the female population centers on problems within the female reproductive system that prevent conception. Anovulation means no ovulation occurs, tubal disease blocks sperm, fertilization, or embryo transport, and endometriosis can create pelvic inflammation and adhesions that impair fertility. These are all female-factor issues. In contrast, male factor refers to problems with sperm production or function, which originate in the male partner and are not a female-derived cause. While male-factor infertility is a common overall contributor to infertility, it is not a female etiology. Therefore, the option describing male factor is not a female infertility etiology.